Archivos suplementarios
Palabras clave
whale watching
biosphere reserves
Cómo citar
Resumen
This paper attempts to determine the economic value generated by whale watching at El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve/Lower California. Based on a representative sample survey, the analysis focuses on identifying specific visitor segments, their respective spending patterns, and the service sectors that profit. Results highlight that visitor spending generates a considerable gross turnover of just under $ 3,000,000 USD, benefitting mostly local tourism businesses. In order to increase the economic benefits of whale watching as a means of fostering sustainable regional economic development, it is crucial to focus tourism planning and marketing tools on well-defined visitor segments to satisfy their specific needs and expectations.
Citas
Agersted, Peter (2006), “Evaluating ecotourism in Mexico’s Biosphere Reserves-whale watching activities in the World Heritage Site of Laguna San Ignacio, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 1994-2002”, master’s thesis, University of British Columbia-Department of Geography.
Arnegger, Julius (2014), “Protected areas. The tourist bubble and regional economic development. Two case studies from Mexico and Morocco”, Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten 110, Institut für Geographie und Geologie der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg y Geographische Gesellschaft Würzburg, Würzburg, <http://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/frontdoor/index/ index/docId/10092>, January 29th, 2015.
Aylward, Bruce and Edward B. Barbier (1992), “Valuing environmental functions in developing countries”, Biodiversity and Conservation, 1 (1), Springer, Amsterdam, pp. 34-50.
Bailey, Jennifer L. (2012), “Whale watching. The Buenos Aires Group and the politics of the International Whaling Commission”, Marine Policy, 36 (2), Elsevier, London, pp. 489-494.
Barbier, Edward B. (1991), “Environmental degradation in the third world”, in David Pearce (ed.), Blueprint 2. Greening the world economy, Earthscan, London, pp. 75-108.
Breceda, Aurora, Aradit Castellanos, Laura Arriaga and Alfredo Ortega (1995), “Nature conservation in Baja California Sur, Mexico”, Natural Areas Journal, 15 (3), Natural Areas Association, Bend, Oregon, pp. 267-273.
Brenner, Ludger and Hubert Job (2012), “Challenges to actor-oriented environmental governance: examples from three Mexican Biosphere Reserves”, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 103 (1), Royal Dutch Geographical Society, Utrecht, pp. 1-19.
Brenner, Ludger and Cristina de la Vega Leinert (2014), “La gobernanza participativa de Áreas Naturales Protegidas. El caso de la Reserva de la Biosfera El Vizcaíno”, Región y Sociedad, núm. 59, El Colegio de Sonora, Hermosillo, pp. 183-213.
Chape, Stuart Mark Spalding and Martin D. Jenkins (2008), The world’s protected areas, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Cisneros-Montemayor, Andrés M., Ussif Rashid Sumaila, Kristin Kaschner and David Pauly (2010), “The global potential for whale watching”, Marine Policy, 34 (6), Elsevier, London, pp. 1273-1278.
Conanp (Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas) (2014a), “Resultados del conteo de de la Ballena Gris 1995/96 a 2013/14”, unpublished document, Conanp, Mexico.
Conanp (Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas) (2014b), “Resultados del conteo de de la Ballena Gris. 1996 a 2014”, unpublished document, Conanp, Mexico.
Dedina, Serge and Emily Young (1995), Conservation and development in the grey whale lagoons of Baja California Sur, Mexico, Final Report to the United States’ Marine Mammal Commission, United States’ Marine Mammal Commission, Tucson.
Dixon, John A. and Paul B. Sherman (1990), Economics of protected areas. A new look at benefits and costs, Island Press, Washington.
Farber, Stephen, Robert Constanza and Matthew A. Wilson (2002), “Economic and ecological concepts for valuing ecosystem services”, Ecological Economics, 41 (3), Elsevier, London, pp. 375-392.
Gallagher, Austin J. and Neil Hammerschlag (2011), “Global shark currency: the distribution, frequency, and economic value of shark ecotourism”, Current Issues in Tourism, 14 (8), Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 797-812.
Hanley, Nick and Edward B. Barbier (2009), Pricing nature. Cost-benefit analysis and environmental policy, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.
Heckel, Gisela, Stephen B. Reilly, James L. Sumich and Ileana Espejel (2001), “The influence of whalewatching on the behaviour of migrating grey whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in Todos Santos Bay and surrounding waters, Baja California, Mexico”, Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, 3 (3), International Whaling Commission, Cambridge, pp. 227-237.
Herrera, Guillermo and Porter Hoagland (2006), “Commercial whaling, tourism, and boycotts: An economic perspective”, Marine Policy, No. 30, Elsevier, London, pp. 261-269.
Higham, James E. S. and David Lusseau (2008), “Slaughtering the goose that lays the golden egg: Are whaling and whale watching mutually exclusive?”, Current Issues in Tourism, 11 (1), Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 63-74.
Hoyt, Erich (2001), Whale watching 2001: Worldwide tourism numbers, expenditures, and expanding socioeconomic benefits, International Fund for Animal Welfare, Yarmouth Port.
Hoyt, Erich (2005a), “Sustainable ecotourism on Atlantic islands, with special reference to whale watching, marine protected areas and sanctuaries for cetaceans”, Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 105B (3), Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, pp. 141-154.
Hoyt, Erich (2005b), Marine protected areas for whales, dolphins, and porpoises: A world handbook for cetacean habitat conservation, Earthscan, London.
Hoyt, Erich and Miguel Iñíguez (2008), “The State of Whale watching in Latin America”, Chippenham-United Kingdom, , August 16th, 2012.
INE (Instituto Nacional de Ecología) (2000), Programa de manejo/Reserva de la Biosfera El Vizcaíno, Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Mexico.
Inegi (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía) (2014), Censo de población y vivienda 2010, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, Mexico.
Job, Hubert, Felix Kraus, Cornelius Merlin and Manuel Woltering (2013), Wirtschaftliche Effekte des Tourismus in Biosphärenreservaten Deutschlands, Landwirtschaftsverlag, Bonn-Bad Godesberg.
Job, Hubert and Marius Mayer (2012), “Forstwirtschaft versus Waldnaturschutz: Regionalwirtschaftliche Opportunitätskosten des Nationalparks Bayerischer Wald”, Allgemeine Forst- und Jagd-Zeitung, 183 (7-8), J. D. Sauerländersverlag, Frankfurt, pp. 129-144.
Job, Hubert, Manuel Woltering and Bernhard Harrer (2009), Regionalökonomische Effekte des Tourismus in deutschen Nationalparken, Landwirtschaftsverlag, Bonn-Bad Godesberg.
Leiper, Neil (1990), “Tourist attraction systems”, Annals of Tourism Research, 17, Elsevier, London, pp. 367-384.
Mayer, Marius (2014), “Can nature-based tourism benefits compensate for the costs of national parks? A study of the Bavarian Forest National Park. Germany”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22 (4), Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 561-583.
Mayer, Marius and Hubert Job (2014), “The economics of protected areas-a European perspective”, Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie, 58 (2-3), Buchenverlag, Bad Soden, pp. 73-97.
Mayer, Marius (2013), Kosten und Nutzen des Nationalparks Bayerischer Wald. Eine ökonomische Bewertung unter Berücksichtigung von Tourismus und Forstwirtschaft, Oekom, Munich.
Mayer, Marius, M. Müller, Manual Woltering, Julius Arnegger and Hubert Job (2010), “The economic impact of tourism in six german national parks”, Landscape and Urban Planning, 97 (2), Elsevier, London, pp. 73-82.
MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) (2005), Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis, Island Press, Washington.
Miller, Tom (1975), The world of the California grey whale, Baja Trail Publications, Santa Ana, California.
Moisey, Neil R. (2002), “The economics of tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas”, in P. F. J. Eagles and S. F. MacCool (eds.), Tourism in national parks and protected areas. Planning and management, Cab International, New York, pp. 235-253.
Munasinghe, Mohan (1992), “Biodiversity protection policy: Environmental valuation and distribution issues”, Ambio, 21 (3), Springer, Hamburg, pp. 227-236.
Newsome, David, Susan A. Moore and Ross K. Dowling (2002), Natural area tourism: ecology. Impacts and management, Channel View Publications, Clevedon.
Orams, Mark B. (2002), “Humpback whales in Tonga: An economic resource for tourism”, Coastal Management, 30 (4), Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 361-380.
Orams, Mark B. (2013), “Economic activity derived from whale-based tourism in Vava’u, Tonga”, Coastal Management, 41 (6), Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 481-500.
Ortega-Rubio, Alfred, Aradit Castellanos-Vera and Salvador Emilio LluchCota (1998), “Sustainable development in a Mexican Biosphere Reserve: Salt production in Vizcaíno. Baja California (Mexico)”, Natural Areas Journal, 18 (1), Natural Areas Association, Bend Oregon, pp. 63-72.
Parsons, Edward C. M. and Megan M. Draheim (2009), “A reason not to support whaling - a tourism impact case study from the Dominican Republic”, Current Issues in Tourism, 12 (4), Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 397-403.
Parsons, E. C. M., C. A. Warburton, A. Woods-Ballard, A. Hughes and P. Johnston (2003), “The value of conserving whales: the impacts of cetacean-related tourism on the economy of rural WestScotland”, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, No. 13, John Wiley and Sons, London, pp. 397-415.
Pascual, Unai, Muradian Roldan (coords.) (2010), “The economics of valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity”, in P. Kumar (ed.), The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: Ecological and Economic Foundation, Earthscan, London, pp. 183-256.
Pearce, David W. and Dominic Moran (1994), The economic value of biodiversity, Earthscan, London.
Pearce, David W. and R. Kerry Turner (1990), Economics of natural resources and the environment, Harvester Wheatsheaf, London.
Primack, Richard B. (1995), Naturschutzbiologie, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg.
Randall, A. and J. Stoll (1983), “Existence values in a total valuation framework”, in: R. D. Row and L. G. Chestnut (eds.), Managing air quality and scenic resources at National Parks and Wilderness Areas, Westview Press, Boulder, pp. 265-274.
Ritter, Fabian (2004), Wale beobachten. Ein Leitfaden zum sanften Whale watching in Europa und Übersee, Conrad Stein Verlag, Welver.
Stadler, Claudia (2007), “Effekte des Naturtourismus in einem Großschutzgebiet. Das Beispiel Whale watching im Biosphärenreservat El Vizcaíno (Mexiko)”, master’s thesis, Universidad LudwigMaximilian de Munich, Institute of Econonic Geography, Munich.
Weisbrod, Burton A. (1964), “Collective-consumption services of individual-consumption goods”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 78 (3), Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 471-477.
Woltering, Manuel (2012), “Tourismus und Regionalentwicklung in deutschen Nationalparken: Regionalwirtschaftliche Wirkungsanalyse des Tourismus als Schwerpunkt eines sozioökonomischen Monitoringsystems”, Würzburger Geographische Arbeiten 108/, Institut für Geographie und Geologie der Julius-MaximiliansUniversität Würzburg & Geographische Gesellschaft Würzburg, Würzburg, <http://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/frontdoor/ index/index/docId/6015>, January 29th, 2015.
Wunder, Sven (2007), “The efficiency of payments for environmental services in tropical conservation”, Conservation Biology, No. 21, John Wiley and Sons, London, pp. 48-58.
Young, Emily (1999a), “Local people and conservation in Mexico’s El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve”, Geographical Review, 89 (3), John Wiley and Sons, London, pp. 364-390.
Young, Emily (1999b), “Balancing conservation with development in small-scale fisheries: is ecotourism an empty promise?”, Human Ecology, 27 (4), Springer, Hamburg, pp. 581-620.
Young, Michael Denis (1992), Sustainable investment and resource use. Equity, environmental integrity, and economic efficiency, Parthenon Publication Group and Unesco, Paris.
Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivar 4.0 Internacional.