The Canadian environmental movement and free trade
PDF (Español (España))
HTML (Español (España))

How to Cite

GALLARDO C., S. (1997). The Canadian environmental movement and free trade. Economía Sociedad Y Territorio. https://doi.org/10.22136/est001997484

Abstract

The economic crisis of the 1980’s in Canada favored the organization of social groups concerned about justice, equity and wellbeing. The environmental movement demonstrated against the adoption of policies of neoliberal nature in the social and economic spheres. It opposed the relaxation of laws on environmental protection and the economic practices that deal damage in the name of commercial competiveness.

The Canadian environmental movement has a broad social base and takes up a plural spectrum of ideological positions which range from mediating conservationism to the most radical ecologism. They have mostly demonstrated and made social advocacy against what they consider an unfair statu quo. They have faced bureaucratic and legal blocks, as well as economic and political interests that hinder or avoid the application of many of their proposals. Some of them have influenced public opinion through the media, disseminating information on environmental problems and looking for a change of attitude in the modern society lifestyle.

https://doi.org/10.22136/est001997484
PDF (Español (España))
HTML (Español (España))

References

Altmeyer, George (1976), "Three Ideas of Nature in Canada, 1893-1914", Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. XI, núm. 3, agosto.

Barr, Jane (1995), "The Origins and Emergente of Quebec's Environmental Movement: 1970-1985", Montreal, Departamento de Geografía/Universidad de McGill, tesis de maestría.

Binational Statement (1992), "Binational Statement on Environmental Safeguards that should be Included in the NAFTA", 28 de mayo.

Brundtland, Gro H. (1987), Our Common Future, World Commission on Environment and Development, Oxford y Nueva York, Oxford University Press.

CEL .A (Canadian Environmental Law Association) (1993), The Environmental Implications of Trade Agreements, preparado para el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Energía de Ontario, Toronto, Queen's Printer for Ontario.

−−− (1991), "Environmental Assessment of the First Two Years of the CUFTA", enero.

−−− (1990), "International Trade and the Environment: An Environmental Assessment of GATT", marzo.

−−− (1988), "Environmental Impacts of the Canada-U.S. FTA", resumen preparado para el Comité Representante de Asuntos de Finanzas y Economía, adjunto al boletín de prensa del 5 de marzo.

−−− et al. (1993), Carta dirigida al ministro de Comercio Internacional, Michael Wilson, suscrita por ochenta organizaciones ambientalistas canadienses, Ontario, 5 de mayo.

CCPA (Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives) (1992), "Popular Sector Organizations and Trade", Reporte para el Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Tecnología, Gobierno de Ontario, julio.

−−−, Common Frontiers, y Action Canada Network (1996), “Challenging ‘Free Trade’ in Canada: The Real Story”, agosto.

CEN (Canadian Environmental Network) (1991), The Green List: A Guide to Canadian Environmental Organizations & Agencies, Toronto, 1era. Ed.

Campbell, Bruce (1992), “Wich Way for the Americans”, Canadians Center for Policy Alternatives, noviembre.

Dalton, Rusell J. y Manfred Kuechler (comps.) (1992), Los nuevos movimientos sociales, Valencia, Ediciones Alfons el Magnánim, Generalitat Valencia.

Etzioni-Halevy, E. (1990), “The Relative Autonomy of Elites. The Absorption of Protest and Social Progress in Western Democracies”, en J. C. Alexander y P. Sztompka (eds.) Rethinking Progress: Movements, Forces and Ideas at the End of the 20th Century, Boston, Unwin Hyman.

Ferretti, Janine (1993), “Elements of an Effective North American Commission on the Environment”, Ottawa, 4 de marzo.

Gallardo, Sofía (1997), Participación ciudadana frente a los riesgos ambientales de la globalización y el TLCAN”, en María Teresa Gutierrez Haces y Daniel Hiernaux-Nicolas (coords.), En busca de nuevos vínculos: Globalización y reestructuración territorial en las Américas, México, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, e Instituto de Investigaciones Económica/Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

−−− (1995), “Movimiento ciudadano: globalización y Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte”, Estudios Sociológicos, vol. XIII, núm. 39, septiembre-diciembre.

−−− (1994), “Environmentalist´s Views on NAFTA: Sovereignty and Sustainable Development”, Voices of México, núm. 29, Centro de Investigaciones de América del Norte/Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, octubre-diciembre.

−−− (1993), “El debate sobre el Acuerdo de Cooperación Ambiental”, Estados Unidos: Informe Trimestral, vol. III, núm. 4, División de Estudios Internacionales/Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, invierno.

Gallon, Gary (1991), “Report on the Nature and Make Up of the Key Environment and Conservation Organizations in Canada”, Ottawa, Canadian Environmental Network, julio.

Greenpeace (1993), “UNCED Undetermined: Why Free Trade Won´t Save the Planet”, Washington, D.C.

Greenprint for Canada Committee (1989), “Greenprint for Canada: A Federal Agenda for the Environment”, Ottawa, junio.

Habermas, Jürgen (1989), Towards a Rational Society, Londes, Polity Press.

Harries-Jones, P. (1993), “Between Science and Shamanism: The Advocacy of Environmentalism in Toronto”, en Kay Milton (ed.), Environmentalism: The View from Anthropology, Londres, Estados Unidos y Canadá, Routledge.

−−− (ed.) (1991), Making Knowledge Count: Advocacy and Social Science, Montreal y Kingston, McGill-Queen´s Press.

Macdonald, Doug (1991), The Politics of Pollution, Toronto, McClelland & Stewart.

McInnes, Craig (1989), “Environment groups face a crisis of identity”, The Globe & Mail, 15 de julio.

Manes, C. (1990), Green Rage: Radical Environmentalism and the Unmaking of Civilization, Boston, Little Brown.

Melucci (1989), Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society, Filadelfia, Temple University Press.

Nicholson, M. (1970), The Environmental Revolution: A Guide for the New Masters of the World, Londres, Hodder & Stoughton.

Paehlke, Roben (1989), Environment and the Future of Progressive Politics, New Haven, Yale University Press.

Pearce, F. (1991), Green Warriors: The People and the Politics Behind the Environmental Revolution, Londres, Bodley Head.

PProbe (Pollution Probe) y National Wildlife Federation, U.S. (1992), "Minimal Environmental Safeguards to be included in the NAFTA", Washington D. C., junio.

PProbe, CELA y Common Frontiers (1991), "International Trade and the Environment", Ottawa, octubre.

Sale, K. (1993), The Green Revolution: The American Environmental Movement, 1962-1992, Nueva York, Hill & Wang.

Shrybman, Steven (1991), "Selling the Environment Short", CELA, Informe núm. 189, Toronto, enero.

−−− (1990) "Free Trade vs. the Environment: The Implications of GATT", The Economist, vol. 20, núm. 1, enero-febrero.

Swenarchuk, Michelle (1993), "The Environmental Implications of NAFTA: A Legal Analysisn, en The Environmental Implications of Trade Agreements, Reporte final preparado por la Canadian Environmental Law Association para el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía de Ontario, agosto.

Toner, Glen (1992), "The Canadian Environmental Movement: A Conceptual Map", Ottawa, Department of Political Science/Carleton University.

Touraine, Alain (l983), Anti-Nuclear Protest: The Opposition to Nuclear Energy in France, Londres, Cambridge University.

−−− (1977), The Self Production of Society, Chicago, University of Chicago.

Licencia Creative Commons
This works is under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license